admin February 9, 2023 0 In Uncategorized

SCOPOLAMINE: ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ( USES, SIDE EFFECTS…………

Buy Scopolamine Online. Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, or Devil’s Breath,^[8] is a natural or synthetically produce tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic drug that is formally use as a medication for treating motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting.^[9][1] It is also sometimes use before surgery to decrease saliva.^[1] When use by injection, effects begin after about 20 minutes and last for up to 8 hours.^[1] It may also be use orally and as a transdermal patch since it has been long known to have transdermal bioavailability.

Scopolamine is in the antimuscarinic family of drugs and works by blocking some of the effects of acetylcholine within the nervous system.^[1] Scopolamine was first written about in 1881 and started to be used for anesthesia around 1900.^[11][12] Scopolamine is also the main active component produce by certain plants of the nightshade family, which historically have been use as psychoactive drugs (known as deliriants) due to their antimuscarinic-induce hallucinogenic effects in higher doses.^[9] In these contexts, its mind-altering effects have been utilized for recreational, criminal and occult purposes.^[13][14][15] The name “scopolamine” is derive from one type of nightshade know as Scopolia, while the name “hyoscine” is derive from another type know as Hyoscyamus niger.^[16][17] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.^[18]

Medical uses

Scopolamine has a number of formal uses in modern medicine where it is used in its isolated form and in low doses to treat:^[19]^[20]

Postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Motion sickness, including sea sickness, leading to its use by scuba divers (where it is often applied as a transdermal patch behind the ear)^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]
Gastrointestinal spasms
Renal or biliary spasms
Aid in gastrointestinal radiology and endoscopy
Irritable bowel syndrome
Clozapine-induced drooling
Bowel colic
Eye inflammation^[25]

It is sometimes use as a premedication, (especially to reduce respiratory tract secretions) in surgery, most commonly by injection.^[19][20] Common side effects include sleepiness, blurred vision, dilated pupils, and dry mouth.^[1] It is not recommended in people with angle-closure glaucoma or bowel obstruction.^[1] Whether its use during pregnancy is safe remains unclear, and use during breastfeeding is still caution by health professionals and manufacturers of the drug.^[26]

Breastfeeding

Scopolamine enters breast milk by secretion. Although no human studies exist to document the safety of scopolamine while nursing, the manufacturer recommends that caution be take if scopolamine is administer to a breastfeeding woman.^[26]

Elderly

The likelihood of experiencing adverse effects from scopolamine is increased in the elderly, relative to younger people. This phenomenon is especially true for older people on several other medications. Scopolamine use should be avoid in this age group because of these potent anticholinergic adverse effects, which have also been link to an increase risk for dementia.^[27][28]

Adverse effects

Adverse effect incidence:^[5]^[29]^[30]^[31]

Uncommon (0.1–1% incidence) adverse effects include:

Dry mouth
Anhidrosis (reduced ability to sweat to cool off)
Tachycardia (usually occurs at higher doses and is succeeded by bradycardia)
Bradycardia
Urticaria (hives)
Pruritus (itching)

Rare (<0.1% incidence) adverse effects include:

Constipation
Urinary retention
Hallucinations
Agitation
Confusion
Restlessness
Seizures

Unknown frequency adverse effects include:

Anaphylactic shock or reactions
Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
Rash
Erythema
Other hypersensitivity reactions
Blurred vision
Mydriasis (dilated pupils)
Drowsiness
Dizziness
Somnolence

Overdose

Physostigmine, a cholinergic drug that readily crosses the blood–brain barrier, has been used as an antidote to treat the central nervous system depression symptoms of a scopolamine overdose.^[32] However, Other than this supportive treatment, gastric lavage and induce emesis (vomiting) is usually recommend as treatments for oral overdoses.^[31] Thus, The symptoms of overdose include:

Tachycardia
Arrhythmia
Blurred vision
Photophobia
Urinary retention
Drowsiness or paradoxical reaction, which can present with hallucinations
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Dry mouth
Skin reddening
Inhibition of gastrointestinal motility

Interactions

Also, Due to interactions with metabolism of other drugs, scopolamine can cause significant unwanted side effects or unpredictable synergies when taken with other medications or compounds. Thus, Specific attention should be paid to other medications in the same pharmacologic class as scopolamine, also known as anticholinergics.

Furthermore, These additional compounds could also potentially interact with the metabolism of scopolamine: receptor-binding analgesic/pain medication such as gabapentinoids or opioids, ethanol, cannabinoids, zolpidem, thiazide diuretics, nicotine, benzodiazepines, buprenorphine, and especially anticholinergic drugs such as tiotropium, diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, etc. More so, Nicotine in particular likely has a counteracting effect on the effects of scopolamine due to its opposing effect on acetylcholine signaling. Buy Scopolamine Online

Route of administration

Furthermore, Scopolamine can be taken by mouth, subcutaneously, in the eye, and intravenously, as well as via a transdermal patch.^[33]

Pharmacokinetic

Also, Scopolamine undergoes first-pass metabolism and about 2.6% is excreted unchange in urine. Thus, Grapefruit juice decreases metabolism of scopolamine, consequently increasing plasma concentration.^[34] Buy Scopolamine Online

Pharmacodynamics

The effects of scopolamine are meditated through the drug’s competitive antagonism of the peripheral and central muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Scopolamine acts as a nonspecific muscarinic antagonist at all four (M₁, M₂, M₃, and M₄) receptor sites.^[35]^[36]

However, In doses higher than intend for medicinal use; the hallucinogenic alteration of consciousness, as well as the deliriousness in particular are tie to the compound’s activity at the M₁ muscarinic receptor. Buy Scopolamine Online

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admin February 3, 2023 0 In Uncategorized

Australia to allow prescription of MDMA and psilocybin for treatment-resistant mental illnesses

Buy MDMA Online. Importance of MDMA. From July, authorise psychiatrists will be able to prescribe the drugs for post-traumatic stress disorder and severe depression

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Experts say the decision will make Australia the first country in the world to officially recognise MDMA and psilocybin. Photograph: Westmacott/Alamy

After decades of “demonisation”, psychiatrists will be able to prescribe MDMA and psilocybin in Australia from July this year.

The Therapeutic Goods Administration made the surprise announcement on Friday afternoon.

The drugs will only be allow to be use in a very limited way, and remain otherwise prohibit. But the move was describe as a “very welcome step away from what has been decades of demonisation.

3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) is commonly known as ecstasy, while psilocybin is a psychedelic commonly found in so-called magic mushrooms.

Both drugs were use experimentally and therapeutically decades ago, before being criminalise.

Specifically authorise psychiatrists will be able to prescribe MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder, and psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Buy MDMA Online

Ecstasy was develop as an appetite suppressant in 1912, but in the 1970s it started being use in therapy sessions in the US. It enter Australia in the 1980s as a party drug, and was criminalise in 1987.

Many species of magic mushrooms grow wild in Australia, but it is illegal to possess or supply psilocybin. Importance of MDMA

Caldicott said it had become “abundantly clear” that a control supply of both MDMA and psilocybin “can have dramatic effects on conditions often consider refractory to contemporary treatment” and would particularly benefit return service men and women from the Australian defence force.

“The safe ‘re-medicalisation’ of certain historically illicit drugs is a very welcome step away from what has been decades of demonisation,” he said.

“In addition to a clear and evolving therapeutic benefit, it also offers the chance to catch up on the decades of lost opportunity [of] delving into the inner workings of the human mind, abandoned for so long as part of an ill-conceived, ideological ‘war on drugs’.”

Cognitive neuropsychologist Prof Susan Rossell, from Swinburne’s Centre for Mental Health, said she still had “a significant degree of caution” about the decision, and that further research was needed.

Rossell is the lead researcher on Australia’s biggest research trial of psilocybin’s effectiveness for treatment-resistant depression.

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admin December 29, 2022 1 In Uncategorized

Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of 1P-LSD in humans after oral and intravenous administration

Buy 1P-Lsd online, 1-Propanoyl-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD) appeared as a non-controlled alternative to LSD a few years ago. Although evidence is beginning to emerge from in vitro and animal studies that 1P-LSD might serve as a prodrug for LSD, an equivalent evaluation in humans is unavailable. Controlled oral and intravenous self-administrations of 100 μg 1P-LSD hemitartrate are reported in two human volunteers followed by analyses of urine and serum samples using a fully validated LC–MS/MS method. Psychometric evaluations included assessment of selected subjective drug effects and administration of the Five-Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness rating scale (5D-ASC). In serum and urine, oral administrations of 1P-LSD only led to the detection of LSD reflecting biphasic elimination with a terminal elimination half-life of approx. t_1/2 = 6.4 h. 1P-LSD could be detected for only up to 4.16 h in serum and 2.7 h in urine following intravenous administration, whereas LSD was detected in all serum samples (last sampling after approx. 24 h) and up to 80 h in urine. LSD showed first order elimination kinetics with an approx. t_1/2 = 5.7 h, whereas 1P-LSD showed a rapid decrease in concentration within the first hour followed by a slower decrease, most probably due to hydrolysis. The bioavailability of LSD after oral ingestion of 1P-LSD was close to 100%. The psychosensory effects of 1P-LSD and their time course were comparable to those seen after uptake of LSD in other studies which further supports the prodrug hypothesis. The 5D-ASC scores were higher after oral compared with intravenous administration of 1P-LSD.

1 INTRODUCTION

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) soon became a widely used experimental drug after Albert Hofmann discovered its psychoactive effects in 1943. The ability to induce psychoactive effects at low doses (< 100 μg) and the finding that it interacted with the serotonergic system, triggered wide-ranging research into the neurotransmitter system at the time.¹ LSD induces a wide spectrum of psychotropic effects, including euphoria or dysphoria, hallucinatory phenomena, synesthesia, perceptual alterations, remembrance of significant life events, mystical experiences, ego-dissolution, and cathartic experiences. Deep-reaching insightful experiences, but also anxiety-producing experiences were described by users.² LSD was also used in psychotherapy.³ Nearly ten thousand scientific papers on experiments with LSD have been published since the 1950s (cf.⁴). In the mid-1960s, LSD became a major drug of abuse. Since the 1970s, its recreational use became more widespread internationally without loss of popularity ever since (cf.⁵). Buy 1P-Lsd online

Several analogs of LSD have been explored in scientific research^6–8 and in more recent years, a number of LSD derivatives have emerged on the market that did not appear to have any established history in the scientific literature. One of these LSD derived “designer drugs” is 1-propanoyl-LSD (1P-LSD) that was first reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) in 2015.⁹ Anecdotal reports published on various Internet forums suggested 1P-LSD to show LSD-like effects but formal studies were not available. However, 1P-LSD was shown to display LSD-like effects in mice when using the head-twitch response (HTR) assay and it was confirmed that pretreatment with the selective 5-HT_2A antagonist M100,907 blocked the HTR.¹⁰ The binding affinity of 1P-LSD to cloned human 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_2A receptors dropped 67- and 13-fold but increased by a factor of 3.5 at the human 5-HT_2C receptor when compared with LSD. Furthermore, when measuring 5-HT_2A receptor activation (G_q-mediated Ca²⁺ flux in HEK cells), it was revealed that 1P-LSD (and two other 1-acyl-LSD derivatives) only functioned as very weak partial agonists and antagonists, whereas no agonist activity was observed at 5-HT_2B and 5-HT_2C receptors.¹¹

In vitro studies assessing the metabolic stability of 1P-LSD and other 1-acyl substituted lysergamides showed the formation of LSD¹² which suggested that 1P-LSD and other lysergamides acylated at the indole nitrogen atom might function as a prodrug. Consistent with this observation, the subcutaneous administration of 1P-LSD (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg) to male Sprague–Dawley rats led to the detection of LSD and LSD metabolites when plasma samples were analyzed taken 15 min later which suggested the appearance of rapid hydrolysis in vivo.¹¹

Although the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of LSD in humans have been thoroughly investigated,^2, 13–16 data of this kind are still missing for 1P-LSD. Moreover, within the context of forensic toxicology, PK data will provide important information on casework. For example, in a recent intoxication case reportedly involving the ingestion of a 1P-LSD blotter, the implementation of urine and serum analyses only revealed the presence of LSD but without the detection of any 1P-LSD.¹⁷ Thus, this case report provided support for the hypothesis that 1P-LSD might also act as a prodrug in humans. However, it also revealed a new challenge when attempting to differentiate between intake of 1P-LSD and LSD. In order to address this knowledge gap, a controlled self-administration study was conducted that involved one oral (p.o.) and one intravenous (i.v.) administration of 100 μg 1P-LSD hemitartrate to two human volunteers. The study included analyses of urine and serum samples and the determination of subjective effects in order to investigate PK and PD properties of the drug and to assess whether 1P-LSD was indeed a prodrug in humans. Buy 1P-Lsd online

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Chemicals and reagents

Boric acid (H₃BO₃, for molecular biology, 99.8%) was obtained from AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany), whereas potassium chloride (KCl ≥ 99.5%, p.a.), formic acid (HCOOH, > 98%, p.a.), and propan-2-ol (Rotisolv®, ≥ 99.95%, LC–MS grade) were obtained from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). 1-Chlorobutane (C₄H₉Cl, LiChrosolv®, for liquid chromatography) and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃, anhydrous, for analysis) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Methanol (MeOH, Chromasolv™, LC–MS, ≥ 99.9%) was obtained from Honeywell Riedel-de Haën (Seelze, Germany), and deionized water (H₂O) was prepared in-house using a Medica® Pro single high flow purification system from ELGA LabWater (Celle, Germany). Ammonium formate (10 M, 99.995%) and acetonitrile (ACN, HPLC-Super gradient grade) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and VWR International (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France), respectively. Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 3.7%) and sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH, 1%) were part of an enzyme kit (Schlüter-Enzym-Kit) obtained from Schlüter Biologie (Neudorf, Germany). 1P-LSD hemitartrate (2:1) was provided by Synex Synthetics BV (Maastricht, the Netherlands) (> 98%; residual LSD content < 1‰) and LSD was purchased from LGC Standards (Wesel, Germany). The internal standard (IS) LSD-D₃ was obtained from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX, USA). Drug free urine and serum specimens were collected from volunteers for calibration purposes.

2.2 Solutions

The borate buffer solution (pH 9) was prepared by adding 370 mL of solution 1 (consisting of 106 g Na₂CO₃ dissolved in 1.0 L deionized water) to 630 mL of solution 2 (consisting of 61.8 g H₃BO₃ and 74.6 g KCl in 1.0 L deionized water). If necessary, the pH was adjusted by further adding solution 1. Mobile phase A consisted of deionized water with 1% ACN, 0.1% formic acid, and 2 mM ammonium formate. Mobile phase B consisted of 0.1% formic acid and 2 mM ammonium formate in ACN. Stock (10 μg/mL) and working solutions (50 ng/mL and 5 ng/mL) of 1P-LSD hemitartrate and LSD were prepared in ACN (concentrations refer to the base form). The internal standard (IS) solution contained LSD-D₃ at a concentration of 500 ng/mL in ACN. A separate solution of 1P-LSD hemitartrate in EtOH with a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL was prepared for the controlled self-administration study (here, the concentration refers to 1P-LSD hemitartrate). The diluted HCl solution was prepared by dilution of the 3.7% HCl solution in two steps: 4 mL of the 3.7% HCl solution was mixed with 10 mL deionized water and 5 mL of this solution was further diluted with 1 mL of deionized water (resulting pH: approx. 1). The diluted NaOH solution was obtained by addition of four drops of the 1% NaOH solution to 10 mL of deionized water (resulting pH: approx. 8). Buy 1P-Lsd online

2.3 Sample preparation and method validation

Sample preparation and analysis were performed using a fully validated method described elsewhere.¹⁷ The sample preparation consisted of a liquid–liquid extraction with 1-chlorobutane. The limit of detection (LOD) and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) in serum and urine were 0.005 ng/mL for 1P-LSD and 0.015 ng/mL for LSD.

2.4 Instrumentation

The LC–MS/MS system and MRM parameters were employed according to the procedure published previously.¹⁷ In brief, a Nexera LC (Shimadzu, Duisburg, Germany) was coupled to a QTRAP® 5500 mass spectrometer (Sciex, Darmstadt, Germany) using positive electrospray ionization. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a biphenyl column (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm particle size, Phenomenex, Aschaffenburg, Germany) with a corresponding guard column (SecurityGuard™ ULTRA Cartridges UHPLC Biphenyl for 2.1 mm i.d. columns, Phenomenex, Aschaffenburg, Germany). Starting with 10% mobile phase B (total flow rate: 0.3 mL/min), the gradient was increased to 30% mobile phase B within 3 min. Mobile phase B was further increased to 50% after 4 min and 75% after 6 min. Within 0.5 min mobile phase B was increased to 95% and held at this percentage for 1 min. For column re-equilibration, the starting conditions were restored within 0.5 min and kept for 7 min. Propan-2-ol was added post-column for signal enhancement (0.1 mL/min). Buy 1P-Lsd online

2.5 Pharmacokinetic analysis

MS Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) was used to gather pharmacokinetic (PK) data from the measured serum concentrations. c_max and t_max were obtained directly from the observed data. After semi-logarithmic transformation of the serum concentration data the elimination rate k_e was estimated by log-linear regression using at least six data points. The terminal half-life was calculated using the equation t_1/2 = ln (2)/k_e. The area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) was estimated using the linear trapezoidal method in the respective time range without further extrapolation. The bioavailability was determined by division of the AUC after oral administration and the AUC after i.v. administration (F = AUC_po/AUC_iv).

To test for instability under acidic or basic conditions in the gastrointestinal tract, 1P-LSD was treated either with diluted HCl (pH approx. 1) or diluted NaOH (pH approx. 8) for 2 hours at 37°C in an oven (final concentration in the samples: 2 μg/mL). Therefore, 2 μL of the ethanolic 1P-LSD solution (1 mg/mL) was added to 1 mL of diluted HCl solution or 1 mL of diluted NaOH solution. One mL of deionized water with 2 μL of ethanolic 1P-LSD solution (1 mg/mL) was used as reference. Both tested conditions as well as the reference were conducted in triplicates. After 2 hours of storage at 37°C, 10 μL of each sample was diluted with 990 μL of mobile phase A and B (99/1, v/v) and analyzed as described above. Buy 1P-Lsd online

2.6 Pharmacodynamics: Quality and course of subjective effects

2.6.1 Subjective drug effects

Visual analog scales (VAS) are a well-established tool that facilitate the assessment of subjective features that occur during acute phases of intoxication similar to those reported in studies involving hallucinogens such as LSD.¹⁸ In the present study, three measures were assessed using visual analog scales (VAS): “any drug effect”, “good drug effect”, and “bad drug effect”. Items were presented to each subject at 30 min intervals for 14 h (oral administration, session 1) or 12 h (i.v. administration, session 2) to monitor the time course of subjective drug effects.

2.6.2 Five-dimensions of altered states of consciousness (5D-ASC)

The 5D-ASC questionnaire is an instrument designed to record psychometric scales developed at the Psychiatric University Clinic in Zürich (Switzerland). It was validated across a broad range of studies and has become a standard tool for measuring changes in waking consciousness induced by hallucinogenic drugs.¹⁹ The 5D-ASC involves 94 items that consist of statements in one sentence that are rated on a VAS with two poles (“not more than usual” and “much more than usual”). The 5D-ASC was administered no longer than 2 h after the effects had ceased. At that time, both subjects were able to understand and answer the items presented without problems. The common subscales/dimensions of the 5D-ASC are described as follows.

Oceanic boundlessness (OB)

This scale assesses changes in the experience of the self and body, the relation to the environment, alterations in time experience, and mood changes directed towards elevation and sublimity. The state implies a positively experienced ego dissolution with euphoria. The separation between the self and the external world becomes tenuous and sometimes nonexistent. Core items for OB included: “It seemed to me that my environment and I were one” and “I felt very happy and content for no outward reason”. Buy 1P-Lsd online

Anxious ego dissolution (AED)

This scale describes an unpleasant experience with diminished self-control characterized by ego-disintegration or ego-fragmentation accompanied by great distress and anxiety. Thought processes are altered, sometimes occupied with threatening themes (e.g. loss of control) or interfered by disruptions of thinking. Time may be experienced as painfully slow. Core items for AED included: “It seemed as though there was an invisible wall between me and my surroundings” and “I was afraid to lose control over myself”.

Visionary restructuralization (VR)

Typical aspects of altered states of consciousness are visionary-hallucinatory phenomena. They can be divided in three different categories: elementary, amorphous “primitive” optical phenomena, organized scenic hallucinatory phenomena, and changed meaning of objects perceived in the environment. Hypnagogic imagery and synesthesia belong to this category. Core items for VR included: “I saw light or flashes of light in total darkness or with closed eyes” and “Things around me had a new, strange meaning to me”.Buy 1P-Lsd online

Vigilance reduction (VIR)

Items of this scale characterize reduced alertness and clouded consciousness, typically accompanied by reduced cognitive performance and self-control. Core items for VIR include: “I was in a doze” and “My perception is cloud”.

Auditory alterations (AA)

This dimension measures acoustic hallucinatory phenomena, e.g. hearing clicks or amorphous low noise, music or voices (possibly commenting on the subjects thinking or behavior). Core items for AA included: “I heard diffuse noises without being able to identify the source” and “I heard my own thoughts as if I was speaking”.

2.7 Controlled self-administration study

Two healthy, Caucasian males (age: 46 and 56 years, weight: both 74 kg) participated in the controlled self-administration study consisting of two experimental sessions. The environment of the sessions was non-clinical in a “living-room atmosphere”. Experiments were started 2 hours after a light breakfast. Both subjects had prior experience with LSD-like compounds in the past (no consumption in the 3 months before the study). Sleep during pre-experimental nights was more than 6 hours. In session 1, a single oral dose of 100 μg of 1P-LSD hemitartrate (2:1), equivalent to 71.2 μg LSD base assuming complete hydrolysis, was administered (gelatin capsules containing pieces of wafer soaked with 100 μL of an ethanolic 1 mg/mL 1P-LSD hemitartrate solution). Session 2 took place after a washout phase of 11 months and included the i.v. administration of the same total amount of 1P-LSD. Here, 10 mL of normal saline were mixed with 100 μL of an ethanolic 1 mg/mL 1P-LSD hemitartrate solution and administered intravenously. A venous access was placed in both the right and the left arm of each subject (one for the administration of the 1P-LSD solution and the other for taking blood samples).Buy 1P-Lsd online

To gather PK data of 1P-LSD, blood samples were taken regularly from subject A and B for up to 150 h and 26 h (session 1), respectively, and for up to 24 h in session 2. The blood samples were immediately centrifuged for 15 min at 2879 × g and the serum was transferred into sodium fluoride containing glass tubes (approx. 10 mg sodium fluoride per mL serum) to prevent hydrolysis of 1P-LSD.¹⁷ Urine samples were collected from subject A for 14 (session 1) and 10 days (session 2). Urine samples from subject B were solely taken on the day of administration. Urine concentrations were normalized to creatinine and are given in ng/mg (1 ng/mg is equivalent to 1 ng/mL in a urine sample with 100 mg/dL creatinine). Serum and urine samples were stored overnight at 5°C and subsequently stored at −20°C until analysis.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Pharmacokinetic analysis

After p.o. ingestion of 100 μg 1P-LSD hemitartrate (session 1), only LSD but no 1P-LSD was detected in serum and urine samples. LSD serum and urine concentration–time curves are shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. LSD urine concentrations were normalized to urinary creatinine concentrations. The creatinine concentration ranged from 28 to 230 mg/dL. The highest serum concentration of LSD was observed after approximately 2 hours in both subjects (c_max (subject A) = 3.7 ng/mL and c_max (subject B) = 2.3 ng/mL). LSD could be detected for up to 49 h in subject A and for at least 25 h in subject B (= last sampling). In urine, LSD was detected for up to 69 h in subject A. Only two urine samples were collected from subject B, and both were positive for LSD (2.0 ng/mg LSD after 4 h and 1.1 ng/mg LSD after 7.7 h). Buy 1P-Lsd online

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admin December 29, 2022 0 In Uncategorized

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DEFINITION 2C-B-FLY

The definition of 2C-B-FLY is often refer to as the FLY compounds. Named for their insect-like appearance of two “wing-like” structures. It’s a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It’s an atypical psychedelic phenethylamine which is closely related to 2C-B.

CHEMISTRY BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2C-B-FLY

2C-B-FLY is related to the 2C-x family of psychedelic phenethylamines, specifically 2C-B. 2C-B-FLY is a molecule of the phenethylamine and dihydrobenzofuran classes and was first synthesized by Aaron P. Monte in 1996.

2C-B-FLY gained some popularity in the research chemicals world before largely disappearing. When a batch of Bromo-DragonFLY was accidentally mislabel as 2C-B-FLY. Around 2016 it resurfaced on the market again.

2C-B-FLY is 8-bromo-2,3,6,7-benzo-dihydro-difuran-ethylamine. The full name of the chemical is 2-(8-bromo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrofuran[2,3-f] [1]benzofuran-4-yl)ethanamine. It is highly recommend to use this substance with the proper amount of precaution and harm reduction practices.

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admin December 29, 2022 0 In Uncategorized

Side Effects of Meth: Short- and Long-Term Side Effects of Crystal Meth

Meth Addiction Symptoms, Crystal meth is an entirely illicitly manufactured form of methamphetamine. Thus, The concentrated d-methamphetamine crystalline chunks of crystal meth have no medical purpose.1 However, legal pharmaceutical formulations of methamphetamine are still in production, though with somewhat limited medical utility. One prominent example is the brand name formulation Desoxyn, which may be used to treat obesity and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

However, If you, or someone you know, use crystal meth, it is critically important that you understand the risks that come along with this dangerous drug.

The Side Effects of Crystal Meth

Meth Addiction Symptoms, Crystal meth use carries tremendous health risks, including the potential for significant drug toxicity and overdose. While methamphetamine can trigger an intense high, it can also have very serious side effects. These side effects include

Rapid heart rate.
Increased blood pressure.
Increased respiratory rate.
Elevated body temperature.
Insomnia.
Anxiety.
Paranoia.
Aggression and violence.
Cardiovascular issues such as stroke and heart attack.
Tremors.
Convulsions.
Death.

Side Effects After One Use

Meth Addiction Symptoms, In 2020, an estimated 153,000 individuals aged 12 and older tried methamphetamine for the first time.⁴ Also, While an individual won’t necessarily become addicted to crystal meth after a single use, they may feel the drug’s potently rewarding effects—feeling more awake and energized, less hungry, and with a briskly paced heartbeat and breathing.^1,5 Meth Addiction Symptoms

However, a few of the aforementioned adverse effects may also occur, on a dose dependent basis, with just a single use—physiological changes like hyperthermia (or increased body temperature) and potentially irregular heartbeat.⁷ Also, Other risks may be introduced when drugs are mixed, even with a single use. For example, when mixed with alcohol, methamphetamine can mask some of alcohol’s intoxicating effects, which could make continued drinking and, ultimately, alcohol overdose more likely

Harmful Long-Term Effects of Crystal Meth

However, When used repeatedly for long periods of time, methamphetamine can cause an individual to develop a tolerance to the drug’s pleasurable effects.⁸ Thus, Tolerance means that individuals need to take higher doses, take it more frequently, or change the method in which they ingest it to get the desired effect.⁸

Other adverse long-term effects of chronic methamphetamine use may include:⁸

Stimulant addiction development.
Changes in brain structure and function.
Decreased motor skills.
Verbal learning declines.
Chronic anxiety.
Mood disturbances.
Aggressive or violent behaviors.
Delusions.
Paranoia.
Visual and auditory hallucinations.
Repetitive movements.
Memory loss.
Severe dental problems.
Malnutrition.

However, Individuals who abruptly stop taking crystal meth after long-term use and significant stimulant dependence may experience withdrawal symptoms, which may include:⁸ Meth Addiction Symptoms

Fatigue.
Depression.
Anxiety.
Drug cravings.

Signs and symptoms of meth addiction

Furthermore, Methamphetamine is an extremely powerful stimulant that causes both short and long-term effects. Short-term effects of meth use include:

Intense rush
Euphoria
Rapid heartbeat
High blood pressure
Abnormal heart rhythms
Extreme increase in physical activities
Increased body core temperatures
Increased wakefulness
Decreased appetite

Meth Addiction Symptoms, While not all of the following will be present, thus, the following is a list of the most common and severe long-term effects of methamphetamine abuse:

However, Mood symptoms are:

Anxiety and restlessness
Panic
Aggression
also, Inability to sit still
Racing thoughts
Severe depression following a methamphetamine binge
Euphoria
Violent mood swings
Delusions of power

Also, Behavioral symptoms are:

Risky sexual behavior
Wanting to quit or cut down on methamphetamine use without being able to
Increased sexual activity
Increase in fighting
Violence
Avoiding hobbies and activities that were once considered pleasurable
Legal problems
Borrowing or stealing money
Preoccupation with “chasing the next high”
Pulling away from friends and family
Engaging in unsafe activities

Furthermore, Physical symptoms are:

Marked weight loss
Rapid heart rate
Molecular and functional changes in the brain
Inability of body to repair damaged tissues
Cardiac arrhythmias
Increased libido
Malnutrition
Insomnia, especially during a methamphetamine binge
Constriction of the blood vessels in the body
Respiratory problems
Liver disease and damage
Acne or picking scars
Loss of elasticity of the skin
“Meth Mouth”
Immune system dysfunction
Brain damage
Seizures
Heart attack
Stroke

Conclusively, Psychological symptoms are:

Marked confusion
Memory loss
Disorganized lifestyle
Paranoia, which can be permanent
Psychosis
Hallucinations
Violence
Total break from reality,

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admin July 20, 2022 0 In Uncategorized

Mother accused of sex trafficking her own baby for crystal meth

Order Crystal Meth online. A woman has been charged with sex trafficking and child sex abuse offences after police suspected her of trying to prostitute her own baby for crystal meth.

Furthermore, Facebook messages between the mother and another man, both form Oklahoma, were used to discuss the supply of the drugs in exchange for “giving up” the baby.

Also, The woman allegedly sent at least three pictures of her six-month-old child’s genitals when the man offered to get her drugs. So, Due to the severity of the alleged crime, secret service agents have taken over proceedings. Order Crystal Meth online

Therefore, The pair have been on-off partners for a number of years but both have now been charged with numerous charges including conspiracy to manufacture child pornography, possession of child pornography and sex trafficking children.

Also, According to court documents, the man messaged the child’s mother and asked if “she remembered what he had wanted before”.

She then responded with the graphic pictures, the documents said.

He then reportedly replied: “So you wanna give that up?”

During an interview with investigators, the mother said she had sexually assaulted an 18-month-old child with the man on a previous occasion. Order Crystal Meth online

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admin May 10, 2022 0 In Uncategorized

Tirzepatide: New Diabetes Treatment Shows Promising Results. Pioneering once-a-week jab offers hope to millions of Brits living with type 2 diabetes, as hopeful experts say new treatment could put patients ‘into remission’

Tirzepatide: New Diabetes Treatment. A once-a-week jab can put type 2 diabetes patients ‘into remission’ – slashing blood sugar to normal levels, cutting cholesterol and blood pressure, and helping patients lose a stone and a half or more.

The results of a pivotal trial into the drug, announced at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes annual conference last week, found that it vastly outperformed current treatment regimes, offering hope to those with the incurable condition.

The new medicine, tirzepatide, is so effective it may offer patients a viable alternative to weight-loss surgery, which is at present the most effective method of treating patients who need to lose large amounts of weight and bring their type 2 diabetes into remission.

The cost of surgery can range from £4,000 to £15,000 privately, depending on the type of procedure, and fewer than 7,000 such operations are carry out on the NHS each year.

Tirzepatide is not yet license, but it would be expect to offer the NHS a saving on the cost of surgery, say experts.

There are more than 4.5 million Britons living with a type 2 diabetes diagnosis at present, and 13.6 million are to be at risk of developing it. Tirzepatide once-a-week jab can put type 2 diabetes patients ‘into remission’ – slashing blood sugar to normal levels, cutting cholesterol and blood pressure, and helping patients lose a stone and a half or more +2View gallery

Tirzepatide once-a-week jab can put type 2 diabetes patients ‘into remission’ – slashing blood sugar to normal levels, cutting cholesterol and blood pressure, and helping patients lose a stone and a half or more

The findings add to a growing body of evidence about the treatment’s remarkable effectiveness, meaning health chiefs may now consider giving it the green light.

‘It’s about choice,’ said Melanie Davies, Professor of Diabetes Medicine, University of Leicester, lead researcher for the global trial.

‘Surgery is available to only a tiny minority of patients. To have drugs that give similar results would have been unheard of until a few years ago, but it’s likely that will be the case in the near future.’

One of the first type 2 diabetes patients to benefit from tirzepatide lost an astonishing 4st after four months of weekly self-administered injections.

Retired telecoms boss David Batson, 64, from Leicestershire, who took part in the trial between December 2019 and March 2020, also saw his blood sugar fall into the non-diabetic range and his blood pressure return to normal.

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‘And I achieved it all by doing nothing more than sitting down in my living room and reading a few books,’ he said.

Tirzepatide is a new type of drug that combines an existing form of medication called glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and a new, similar drug, known as a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, or GIP.

GLP-1 receptor agonists have been in use for about a decade and have transformed type 2 diabetes treatment.

Given alongside other diabetes medicine, such as metformin, they work by mimicking naturally occurring hormones involved in digestion and help patients who find they can’t lose weight through diet and exercise alone.

The drugs send signals to the brain, helping curb the appetite, stimulate the body to use up glucose in the blood and lower the amount of sugar that’s digest and absorb from food.

A number of GLP-1 receptor agonists are now available, including exenatide, liraglutide and semaglutide, which is available in both injection and tablet form.

However, the inclusion of a second active ingredient, GIP, is what some experts say makes tirzepatide more effective.

GIP works in a similar way to GLP-1 receptor agonists, mimicking a naturally occurring digestive hormone, helping both stimulate insulin release and absorption of sugar from the blood.

Given on its own, it was ineffective in type 2 diabetes treatment – for reasons not fully understood. But in combination with other medicines, it had a transformative effect.

On the trial, 1,879 patients – mostly middle-age – were given self-injector pens. There are more than 4.5 million Britons living with a type 2 diabetes diagnosis at present, and 13.6 million are said to be at risk of developing it +2View gallery

There are more than 4.5 million Britons living with a type 2 diabetes diagnosis at present, and 13.6 million are to be at risk of developing it

They instruct to take either a dose of tirzepatide, or semaglutide once a week for up to ten months.

The new drug worked better than semaglutide in every aspect, giving greater weight loss and better blood sugar control even at the lowest doses.

Professor Naveed Sattar, an expert in diabetes and metabolic medicine at The University of Glasgow, welcomed the new findings.

‘In some respects, these drugs mimic the process of remission,’ he said. ‘The key to developing diabetes is usually excess fat building up in the liver and other organs. Losing a considerable amount of weight gets rid of this, so the body can function normally again.’

Mr Batson is convince of tirzepatide’s effectiveness after his brief stint on it. He was diagnose with type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure seven years ago, after a routine mid-life health check-up.

David, who lives with his wife Elizabeth, a chef, began the trial in December 2019 when he weighed 18st. By March, after four months taking tirzepatide, he weighed 14st.

‘I looked like a different person,’ he said. ‘My clothes no longer fitted. I did feel a bit more tired, as the weight loss was so rapid.

But other than that, and feeling a bit nauseous in the first few days of being on the treatment, there were no side effects. I still ate, but I felt less hungry – I didn’t have the same appetite I used to.’

Since stopping tirzepatide, David has put on a stone. ‘I’m keen to go back on it,’ he said. ‘I know how serious diabetes is – people can end up losing their sight and having limbs amputate. I want to avoid that.’

WEIRD SCIENCE

If everyone washed their hands properly with soap, it would save more than half a million lives a year.

Studies have shown that soap-washing reduces the risk of diarrhoea by 45 per cent and pneumonia by 23 per cent.

These two diseases combined kill nearly two million children under five every year in Asia and Africa.

Researchers at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimate that if everyone in the world washed their hands regularly it would drastically reduce the number of child deaths from these preventable illnesses by as many as 600,000. Tirzepatide: New Diabetes Treatment

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Type 2 diabetes could be ‘reverse’ if patients use a pioneering once-a-week jab, experts say

admin May 1, 2022 2 In Uncategorized

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New Article about A-PHP powder.is a synthetic stimulant drug of the cathinone class developed in the 1960s which has been reported as a novel designer drug. News about A-PHP Powder, yrrolidinohexiophenone (?-PHP, alpha-PHP, ?-Pyrrolidinohexanophenone, PV-7) is a synthetic stimulant drug of the cathinone class developed in the 1960s which has been reported as a novel designer drug. a-PHP is a substituted cathinone and a derivative of pyrovalerone. a-PHP shares many of the same chemical properties like Pyrovalerone and MDPV and is currently enjoying just as much attention from the global research community.

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?-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone is a longer chain homologue of ?-PVP, having an extra carbon on the alkyl side chain. Regarding the potency of alpha-PHP in the brain, chemist Michael H. Baumann of the Designer Drug Research Unit (established by Baumann) of the National Institute on Drug Abuse stated: alpha-PHP might be even more potent than alpha-PVP; this statement is based on laboratory tests of chemical reactivity.

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New Synthetic Stimulant : Eutylone and Benzylone

New Synthetic Stimulant. A new synthetic drug comes to the illicit drug market each week. Most of those drugs die a quick death and most people will never hear from them again. Others hit the market fast and hard and create a lot of damage in their wake. Like the synthetic opioid U-47700. With Eutylone and Benzylone, they have been creating havoc in the US.

Synthetic Stimulant Background

According to npsdiscovery.com, synthetic stimulants are chemically manufactured drugs with sub-classifications based on their structural relation to amphetamine or cathinone. Synthetic stimulants, can retain both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties, and can cause associated health risks. Synthetic stimulants are often prepared and distributed in powder, capsule, or pressed tablet form. They may be sold as “Ecstasy,” “Molly,” or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“MDMA”) on illicit drug markets. In the United States, synthetic stimulants have been associated with mortality and linked to cardiac effects resulting in death. Adverse effects can include hyperthermia, dehydration, arrhythmias, hallucinations, and serotonin syndrome.

Eutylone and Benzylone: Background Information

The substituted cathinone N-ethyl pentylone (ephylone) was the most frequently observed new synthetic stimulant to appear in forensic casework. N-ethyl pentylone was federally scheduled in August 2019 due to its prevalence and mortality impacts. This created a shift in the drug industry for Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) as two new synthetic stimulants proliferated: eutylone and benzylone. Eutylone was first found in seized drug casework in the United States in the second quarter of 2019. But its prevalence did not increase until the end of 2019. New Synthetic Stimulant

Similarly, in the second quarter of 2019, benzylone was first detected in confiscated drug casework in the United States, but its positivity in confiscated drug exhibits remained relatively small and stable throughout 2019. To date, benzylone has been mainly detected in recovered drug cases in the United States, while eutylone has been detected with a greater frequency in forensic toxicology, including post-death investigations and driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) cases.

Recommendations for Law Enforcement, ME’s, Businesses and Clinicians

Eutylone and benzylone have the potential to cause harm throughout our communities. The first step would be to raise awareness in your respective communities about these drugs. Also, For law enforcement, use this information as a briefing topic for your shift including a review of signs and symptoms of use listed below. However, For clinicians, raising community awareness is paramount. For those in the drug testing industry, it would be key to let your businesses know about eutylone and benzylone.

Know that illicit drugs can contain undeclared and/or adulterated substances that impact the expected clinical effects or findings. People using this would be the same that are seeking MDMA and similar drugs. Medical Examiners should expand their toxicology screening to include eutylone and benzylone. Typical immunoassay screening for stimulants may not detect the most current novel stimulants. Mass spectrometry screening would be best.

User Population, Price, Availability

New Synthetic Stimulant. Eutylone, like other synthetic cathinones, is a recreational drug. Evidence shows that the main users of eutylone, similar to schedule I synthetic cathinones and MDMA, are youths and young adults. Eutylone is selling on the open web (just google eutylone) for $200 USD for 10 grams up to $1,800 USD for 500 grams (just over one pound). To view a picture of eutylone, you can visit this link to an online seller. The substance most commonly comes in an off-white solid similar to crack cocaine, but samples have also been found that are deep red and dark blue.

Signs and Symptoms

Effects reported by users of eutylone include warm tingling sensations, increased focus, changes in vision, euphoria, and an intense high. Synthetic cathinones have been reported to cause several stimulant-like adverse effects including tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, palpitations, hyponatremia, tremor, seizures, vomiting, sweating, headache, and rhabdomyolysis. Recreational effects reported by abusers of synthetic cathinones include euphoria, a sense of well-being, increased sociability, energy, empathy, increased alertness, improved concentration and focus.

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Eutylone, also known as bk-EBDB or n-ethylbutylone, is a stimulant in the synthetic cathinone family.

It belongs to a broader group of drugs called New Psychoactive Substances (NPS). They are also referred to as designer drugs, novel designer drugs, or bath salts.

admin April 28, 2022 0 In Uncategorized

Crystal Meth Addiction, Treatment, and Recovery Facts

Overview of Crystal Meth Use and Abuse

Crystal meth is a highly addictive stimulant made by combining a variety of toxic chemicals and over-the-counter medications.
It is most commonly smoked, injected, or snorted. The duration of its effects depends on how it is used.
Effects of crystal meth include euphoria, increased alertness, decreased appetite, and insomnia.
Over time, users can develop a number of mental and physical health problems including psychosis, “meth mouth,” depression, weight loss, violent behavior, and even death.
Withdrawal symptoms include depression, anxiety, fatigue, intense cravings, and suicidal ideation.
More than 1.5 million people are addicted to crystal meth in the U.S., and it is one of the hardest addictions to treat.

What Is Crystal Meth?

Crystal meth is an illegal street drug made in labs by combining different chemicals and medications sold over-the-counter, including cold medicine. However, The drug is cheap and provides a quick, powerful high, which makes it attractive to users. Also, Casual use of crystal meth can quickly lead to addiction and a variety of serious health and social problems.

In its pure form, crystal meth is a clear to white crystalline substance that resembles long, thin shards of broken glass.Street Names

Ice.
Tina.
Glass.
Chalk.
Crystal.
Crank.
Quartz.
Shards.
Speed.
Tweak.

Treatment Options

Many different options are available for treating crystal meth addiction. Thus, Figuring out which type of treatment is the best for you means doing a little research beforehand and getting more information about how crystal meth abuse is treated.

Recovery options for crystal meth include:

12-step recovery programs. The 12-step program specifically for crystal meth users is called Crystal Meth Anonymous. Another program, Narcotics Anonymous, welcomes anyone struggling with a drug or alcohol addiction.
Outpatient rehabilitation centers. An outpatient program is for people who are transitioning out of a residential program into a lower level of treatment or who have a less severe addiction. More so, You come to the treatment facility on certain days of the week and attend group or individual therapy sessions.
Inpatient programs provide a high level of care and support for people who have a serious addiction to crystal meth or have tried another program and relapsed. You remain at the rehab center throughout the course of your treatment and attend individual therapy, group therapy and addiction education groups.
Dual diagnosis recovery centers are for people who have a crystal meth addiction and a co-occurring mental health disorder. However, Many people who become addicted to crystal meth either have a mental health disorder or may have developed one from long-term crystal meth use.

Health Insurance Providers and Coverage Levels

Visit the links below to find out more about insurance coverage levels for drug and alcohol rehab.

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Crystal Meth Effects

Crystal meth is most commonly smoked, injected, or snorted. When smoked, it is usually done in glass pipes similar to how crack cocaine is used. Thus, On average, the full effects of the drug occur within minutes of snorting. Effects are felt nearly instantaneously when smoked or injected.

The duration of crystal meth’s effects depends on how the drug is used. If it’s injected or swallowed, the effects can last 6-8 hours. If it’s smoked or snorted, the effects can last up to 12 hours.

Short-Term Effects

Increased energy.
Euphoria.
Decreased hunger.
Hyperactivity.

Side Effects

Increased attention and alertness.
Increased heart rate (tachycardia), body temperature (hyperthermia), breathing rate (tachypnea), and blood pressure (hypertension).
Insomnia.
Aggression.
Increased libido.
Tremors.
Jaw clenching.
Teeth grinding.
Dry mouth.
Increased sociability.^1,2

Life-Threatening Effects

Stroke.
Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia).
Heart attack.
Muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis), which can lead to kidney failure.
Heart failure.
Seizures.
Hyperthermia (extremely high body temperature).
Sudden death.^{2, 3}

Long-Term Effects

The longer someone uses crystal meth, the more they increase their risk of developing many physical and mental problems. These may include:

Teeth grinding (bruxism), causing tooth wear.
Psychosis.
Tolerance (needing more of the drug to get the same effect).
Dependence (addiction).
Extreme paranoia.
Major depression.
Compulsive skin picking (dermatillomania).
Memory impairment.
Poor concentration.
Withdrawal.
Agitation.
Violent or aggressive behavior.
Weight loss.
Death.⁴

Dental Problems

However, Those who abuse crystal meth may develop a dental condition called “meth mouth.” This condition is caused by a combination of factors:

Some acidic contaminants in crystal meth can erode tooth enamel with frequent use.
Users commonly grind and clench their teeth, damaging surface enamel.
Dry mouth from crystal meth use deprives teeth of protective saliva and can result in a condition known as xerostomia. This further sets the stage for cavities, acidic erosion, and a variety of oral infections.
Users crave sugary drinks and frequently expose their teeth to sugary acids.
The long-lasting high (up to 12 hours) causes users to neglect oral hygiene.^{5, 6}

Health Problems From Injection

People who inject crystal meth may develop health issues from needle use such as:

Collapsed veins.
Skin infections.
Blood infections.
Spread of blood-borne diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS.²

Treating Meth Addiction

Furthermore, Crystal meth addiction is one of the hardest addictions to treat. Crystal meth addicts who go to rehab have a long-term success rate of just 12%, which means they have an 88% relapse rate. No medications are approved for the treatment of crystal meth addiction.

Learn more about how to find a crystal meth recovery program.

Withdrawal Symptoms

Withdrawal from crystal meth can lead to a number of symptoms, including:

Depression.
Anxiety.
Fatigue.
Intense craving for crystal meth.
Suicidal ideation.

Duration of Symptoms

The symptoms of crystal meth withdrawal will usually appear within 72 hours of stopping use. The first phase of withdrawal is intense and lasts anywhere from 7 to 10 days. The cravings for the drug peak around 3 months and decrease substantially by 6 months. Long-term cognitive effects from methamphetamine use show significant improvement after 1 year of abstinence from the drug.

Due to the risks of severe depression accompanied by suicidal thoughts, users attempting to quit should seek medical supervision during withdrawal.⁷

Overdose Symptoms

It is possible to overdose on crystal meth. Users can overdose on relatively small doses, too, especially when they combine crystal meth with other drugs or when they have pre-existing medical conditions.

Also, If you suspect crystal meth overdose, call 911 or visit the nearest emergency room for medical evaluation and treatment.

Symptoms of Crystal Meth Overdose

Nausea.
Vomiting.
Chest pain.
Seizures.
Extreme paranoia.
Anxiety.
Panic attack.
Agitation.
Hallucinations.
Delirium.
Tremors.
Increased body temperature (hyperthermia).
Widespread muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis).
Kidney failure secondary to rhabdomyolysis. ⁷

Learn more about crystal meth addiction and recovery:

Sources

[1]. Rawson R, Anglin M, Ling W. (2002). Will the methamphetamine problem go away? J Addict Dis 21: 5-19.

[2]. Urbina A, Jones K. (2004). Crystal methamphetamine, its analogues, and HIV infection: medical and psychiatric aspects of a new epidemic. Clin Infect Dis 38 (6): 890-894.

[3]. Lynch J, House MA. (1992). Cardiovascular effects of methamphetamine. J Cardiovasc Nurs 6(2): 12-18.

[4]. Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Van Hoozen BE. (1999). Methamphetamine and the expanding complications of amphetamines. West J Med 170: 214-219.

[5]. Richards JR, Brofeldt BT. (2000). Patterns of tooth wear associated with methamphetamine use. J Periodontol 71(8): 1371-1374.

[6]. Venker D. (1999). Crystal methampetamine and the dental patient. Iowa Dent J 85:34.

[7]. Cho AK, Melega WP. (2002). Patterns of methamphetamine abuse and their consequences. J Addict Dis 21(1): 21-34.

[8]. Miech, R. A., Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2015). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2014: Volume I, Secondary school students. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, 599 pp.

[9]. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2015). Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Volume I. Summary of National Findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA.

[10]. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5^th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

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Medical uses

Breastfeeding

Elderly

Adverse effects

Overdose

Interactions

Route of administration

Pharmacokinetic

Pharmacodynamics

Both drugs were use experimentally and therapeutically decades ago, before being criminalise.

1 INTRODUCTION

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Chemicals and reagents

2.2 Solutions

2.3 Sample preparation and method validation

2.4 Instrumentation

2.5 Pharmacokinetic analysis

2.6 Pharmacodynamics: Quality and course of subjective effects

2.6.1 Subjective drug effects

2.6.2 Five-dimensions of altered states of consciousness (5D-ASC)

Oceanic boundlessness (OB)

Anxious ego dissolution (AED)

Visionary restructuralization (VR)

Vigilance reduction (VIR)

Auditory alterations (AA)

2.7 Controlled self-administration study

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Pharmacokinetic analysis

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The Side Effects of Crystal Meth

Side Effects After One Use

Harmful Long-Term Effects of Crystal Meth

Signs and symptoms of meth addiction

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